BACKGROUND ON THE ROYAL STOOL FROM LUBA:
                      
                      From as early as the seventeenth century, the Luba people had established a powerful
                      empire in the southeast of what is today the Democratic Republic of Congo.

                      Through marriage, women had played an important role in the expansion of this empire
                      and the creation of alliances within it. Although kingship among the Luba was believed
                      to be a divinely sanctioned privilege granted only to men, lineage and succession were
                      traced through the female population.

                      As the bearers of kings, women held a special place of honor in Luba society. In the words
                      of an old proverb, “Only the body of a woman is strong enough to hold a spirit as powerful
                      as that of a king.” Given the divine nature attached to Luba sovereignty, the bodies of
                      women were considered an especially appropriate form for emblems of rule and appear
                      frequently in the iconography of royal ceremonial objects, including staffs, bows, headrests,
                      and stools like the one pictured here.

                      As in many African cultures, among the Luba, the stool was reserved for the most powerful
                      individuals in a community. Only a king or chief would have owned a stool like this one.
                      Such objects did not always serve a practical function as seating, but were deeply invested
                      with symbolic significance. In fact, the Luba held that all stools were modeled on a prototype
                      possessed by their legendary first ruler Mbidi Kiluwe. Thus, stools came to feature prominently
                      in investiture ceremonies, providing a tangible link between the new king and the great Luba
                      culture hero. (www.learner.org)

                                                     "AFRICA: THE ART OF A CONTINENT"
                                                by Tom Phillips & Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain)
          
                  This magnificent celebration of the world’s oldest and most diverse artistic traditions is 
                  considered the definitive book on African art.

                  Ranging from the oldest known human artifact, circa 1.6 million BC, to pieces made within 
                  living memory, the objects collected in this extraordinary volume reflect a continent of 
                  enormous cultural and historical scope. Arranged chronologically within seven geographical 
                  sections, it offers an astonishing array of sculptures in wood, bronze, stone, and gold, as well 
                  as mural paintings, ceremonial pieces, ceramics, jewelry, and textiles culled from private and 
                  public collections around the world. Commentary by renowned scholars illuminates the cultural
                  and historical significance of these pieces, and in-depth authoritative texts highlight critical 
                  aspects of each region. Together these words and images take readers on an artistic grand 
                  tour through a continent of unparalleled diversity, and towards the thrilling discovery of not 
                  one Africa, but many. (www.amazon.com)

                                    "BLACK AFRICA: MASKS SCULPTURE JEWELRY"
                                                                                by Laure Meyer

                  Masks, pottery, bronze, ivory, gold, statues of ancestors, reliquaries, and jewelry all express
                  the influence of myths on the daily life and inventive genius of more than 60 ethnic groups.
                  This book covers each subject in turn, is magnificently illustrated in color, and examines the
                  entire range of black African art from aesthetic and ethnological points of view. (www.amazon.com)

                                "SONGYE: THE IMPRESSIVE STATUARY OF CENTRAL AFRICA"
                                                                               by Francois Neyt

                  This unique collection of rarely seen tribal art brings together nearly one thousand examples
                  of powerful artifacts from the Songye tribe of Central Africa.

                  A tribal people located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Songye are best known for
                  their distinctive statuaries and masks, which for centuries have been used to protect villages,
                  ward off enemies, and bring fertility and wealth. Approximately one thousand of these pieces
                  are shown in this vibrant collection. The Songye often named their statues and decorated them
                  with horns, skins, beads, tacks, shells, and bits of cloth. As a result, each item displays a
                  singular, impressive identity. Considered to be imbued with magical energy and used only by 
                  village shamans, these statues have enormous cultural and historical significance, and they are
                  also powerful works of art in their own right. (www.amazon.com)

                                                                      "ART OF THE SENSES"
                                                by Suzanne Preston Blier, Edmund Gaither, Michael Khan

                  How the "unique" look of African art captured the imagination of artists such as Picasso and
                  Stieglitz is well known. But how do art aficionados today see African objects? And how does
                  our view compare to the way in which these objects were seen in Africa? Presenting the William
                  and Bertha Teel Collection for the first time, this book provides a chance to think about how
                  our vision of such objects is shaped by the "ethnographic," "primitive," or "modern" labels that
                  have been applied in the West, and to compare it to how those same works were viewed in their       
                  birthplace. Lavish, full-color illustrations of over 100 choice objects combine forces with essays
                  by leading African art specialists Suzanne Preston Blier, Michael Kan, and Edmund B. Gaither,
                  and object descriptions by the collector himself, to provide a thoughtful and visually stimulating 
                  examination of these important African forms--as well as of the dynamic relationship among
                  their creators, their original cultural contexts, and the Western viewing public. (www.amazon.com)

                            "ART AND POWER: IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN SAVANNA"
                                                                         by Constantine Petridis

                  Revealing the powers immanent in works that the West long regarded only as exotic or abstract,  
                  Constantine Petridis looks beneath the surface of the arts of the Luba, Songye, Chokwe and Luluwa 
                  peoples to find, literally embedded in sculpture, the forces that enable the spirit world to intervene
                  in daily life. Ritual use of these objects is expected to ensure a healthy birth, successful hunt, or
                  triumph over an enemy. Analysis of the scholarly record illuminates the changing visions of 
                  leadership and prestige that fostered the development of the majestic, elaborate figure styles 
                  long prized in the West.  (www.africabookcentre.com)

                    "MASTERPIECES FROM CENTRAL AFRICA: THE TERVUREN MUSEUM"
                                                               by Musee Royal De L'Afrique Centrale

                 Published to coincide with a major exhibition across North America and Europe, this book 
                 describes and illustrates 125 of the finest objects in the Tervuren Museum collection. The objects
                 come from a number of countries including Zaire and Angola, and very few have been exhibited
                 before. The museum was founded in 1897 by King Leopold II of Belgium as a "window on Central
                 Africa" for the Belgian people. An exhibition to commemorate its centenary is being staged from
                 1996 to 1998 in Ottawa, Washington DC, San Francisco, Chicago, and many other venues across
                 North America and Europe. (www.amazon.com)

                               "SPIRITS SPEAK: A CELEBRATION OF AFRICAN MASKS"
                                                                               by Peter Stepan

                  Images of outstanding African masks from the world’s leading museums and private collections
                  reveal the splendor and majesty of these fascinating masterpieces.The masks seen in these pages
                  represent diversity and an aesthetic power that rivals the most renowned works of art from around
                  the world. Originating from more than thirty countries throughout Africa, the masks featured here
                  are shown in stunning full-page reproductions and accompanied by field photographs. Each mask
                  reflects a strong personal and artistic vision, and embodies ancestors and beings from the spirit
                  world. The selected masks can be identified by magic expression, noble proportions, and delicate
                  surface detail. Enlightening commentary offers background information about the function and
                  origins of the masks’ use within the ethnic groups from which they originate. A beautifully produced
                  full-color foldout map places each mask in its original site, which together with the stunning 
                  reproductions, field photographs, and text, creates a magnificent celebration of African artistry and 
                  culture. (www.amazon.com)

                                                    "FANG: VISIONS OF AFRICA"
                                                                               by Louis Perrois

                 Fang art is one of the most distinguished arts of Black Africa. Its masks, with their facial markings,
                 abstract features and strong, elegant lines, were among the most influential in 20th century modern
                 art. Fang figures, called Bieri, are renowned for their child-like proportions contrasted with a 
                 muscular, poised vigilance. Fang art also includes iron currency and other objects that exhibit the
                 traditional African ability to making everyday functional objects things of artistic merit. Fang reviews 
                 these artifacts and their social, ritual or symbolic characters. Statuettes related to ancestors, dance 
                 masks of the various rites, insignia of power, headdresses and jewellery, decorated music instruments 
                 and everyday utensils, all have an amazingly varied aesthetic creativity, in harmony with their profuse 
                 world of beliefs and myths. (www.amazon.com)

                                                  "KUBA: VISIONS OF AFRICA"
                                                  by David A. Binkley & Patricia Darish

                 The latest volume in the Visions of Africa series explores the intriguing sculpture and decorative
                 art of the Kuba people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Best known for their king figures
                 (ndop), considered among the greatest sculptural achievements of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Kuba
                 actually produced little freestanding sculpture. Instead, they focused on a variety of decorative
                 works that indicated success and achievement, and initiation-related pieces such as masks. The
                 first book on this subject, Kuba examines the tribe's artistic development, from the 17th century
                 through the turbulent colonial and post-colonial periods. The authors also explore the impact of
                 Kuba belief on their art and discuss the pervasive concerns that inform the tribe's art-making. 
                 With fifty beautifully reproduced examples and an engaging, informative text, Kuba is a 
                 fascinating introduction to African art. (www.amazon.com)

                                                     "THE POWER OF FORM"
                                                                              by Ezio Bassani

                  Many elements converge in the construction of a high-quality art collection, making it a
                  fascinating, intellectual and emotional adventure, a journey of discovery and a labour of love.
                  Formed over the course of thirty years by Udo Horstmann and his wife, the Horstmann 
                  collection is rather exceptional inasmuch as it offers a captivating vision of the variety of 
                  solutions adopted by black artists over the course of the centuries: nearly 120 extraordinary
                  sculptures, figures, masks, household objects and weapons from Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Burkina
                  Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Zambia,
                  Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Mozambique, Kenya and Sudan.

                  The origin of the artworks-- selected for their perfection transcending the mere utilitarian
                  function-- touches all of the lands of the continent, including the southern and eastern lands
                  rarely so authoritatively represented in other collections, and their execution covers an arc of
                  time of several millennia.

                  The presence of ancient works contributes to the demolition of the preconception that has
                  weighed unfairly until recent years on African art, and that is the absence of evolution in the
                  artistic creation of Black Africa, and therefore of any historic quality. This is a difficult negation
                  to cancel if African sculpture is still often labeled as "primitive."

                  Another meritorious quality of the Horstmanns lies in the fact that they chose the sculptures in
                  their collection, not out of any generic passion for the exotic and neither for any abstract
                  demand for representativity of ethnicity or significance or destination, but for their quality, for
                  the enchantment of the "form," or better, of the "forms."

                  Paging through the book, the reader will discover that the artistic creation, that is, the need to
                  give "form" to the formless, is a common heritage of mankind, shared by the artists of Black
                  Africa. (www.amazon.com)

                                         "PRIMITIVIISM: IN 20TH CENTURY ART"
                                                                             by William Rubin

                  In 1906 tribal sculpture was "discovered" by 20th century artists; these objects had suddenly
                  become relevant because of changes in the nature of modern art itself. These two volumes
                  comprise the first comprehensive scholarly treatment in half a century of the crucial influence
                  of the tribal arts--particularly those of Africa and Oceania--on modern painters and sculptors.
                  In this visually stunning and intellectually provocative work, 19 essays confront complex
                  aesthetic, art-historical, and sociological problems posed by this dramatic chapter in the
                  history of modern art. The main body of the book contains a series of essays on primitivism in
                  the works of Gauguin, the Fauves, Picasso, Brancusi, the German Expressionists, Lipchitz,
                  Modigliani, Klee, Giacometti, Moore, the Surrealists, and the Abstract Expressionists. It concludes
                  with a discussion of primitivist contemporary artists, including those involved in earthworks,  
                  shamanism, and ritual-inspired performances. (www.amazon.com)

                                               "CHOKWE: VISIONS OF AFRICA"
                                                                             by Boris Wastiau

                  This introduction to the visual art of one of the most renowned peoples of Angola and the
                  Democratic Republic of Congo deals exclusively with sculpture. After providing a brief history
                  of the Chokwe, the different chapters examine the figurines used in the ritual of divination,
                  the statuary connected with the humba possession cults, antique (eighteenth and nineteenth
                  centuries) classical statuary referred to as of the native land, court items, privileges of the warrior
                  aristocracy, and wooden masks linked to the chieftianship and the initiation rites of circumcision.
                  Particular attention is devoted to the precious effigies of Chibinda Ilunga, the civilising hero of
                  the myths of the origins, almost all the exemplars of which were brought to Europe in the
                  nineteenth century, as well as to chairs, whose symbolism and function are revelatory both of
                  the religion and the hierarchical structure of the chieftianship. (www.amazon.com)

                                                           "AFRICAN ART"
                                                         by Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute

                   Han Coray (1880-1974) was one of the first and most important European collectors of 
                   African art. He acquired his collection for the most part from the famous Parisian art dealer
                   Paul Guillaume in the first half of the 1920's. This extensive collection of African art, one of
                   the finest in the world, was purchased by Zurich University's Volkerkundemuseum in 1940.
                   "African Art from the Han Coray Collection 1916-1928" contains a selection of 202 of the
                   collection's most important works, accompanied by informative texts. Featured are not only
                   wooden sculptures and masks, but also ivories, textiles, and metal works. West and central
                   African artistic traditions are presented, with a special focus on central African art.
                   (www.amazon.com)

                                                        "FACING THE MASK"
                                                                           by Frank Herreman

                  Facing the Mask uses the mask, a central element for many African societies, as a marvelous
                  point of entry into Africa, its arts, its diverse cultures, and its richly varied traditions. 

                  Masking is one of the most important social and religious ritual activities of many African
                  people. In southern Algeria, the rock paintings of Tassili-n’Ajjer, 4000-700 B.C, show that
                  masks were already used thousands of years ago. Today, numerous African people continue to
                  employ masks as did their ancestors. Some African mask traditions are still performed in their
                  original, traditional ways. Others have been adapted to respond to changing needs, and new
                  masks are created to cope with changes in the contemporary world.  The masks represented in
                  this publication are only a small sample of the hundreds of different types that can be found in
                  Africa. We hope that this small selection will help to demonstrate the importance of masks as
                  ritual objects and works of art. Exhibition catalogue by Frank Herreman with an essay, Behold
                  the Mask: A Yoruba Scholar's Experience by Babatunde Lawal. (www.africanart.org)

                                                "THE TRIBAL ARTS OF AFRICA"
                                                                      by Jean-Baptiste Bacquart

                  The marvelous achievements of black African artists over thousands of years are revealed
                  and superbly portrayed in this book. The earliest pieces date from the beginning of the first
                  millennium, the most recent from the early twentieth century before the commercial
                  production of art for the tourist trade. All were made by Africans for their own use. Jean-
                  Baptiste Bacquart has divided Africa south of the Sahara into forty-nine cultural areas. Each
                  section studies the most important tribe within that area, surveying its social and political
                  structures as well as its artistic production. The art is analyzed according to type—in most
                  instances masks, statues, and everyday objects such as utensils, furniture, and jewelry.
                  When appropriate, further information on artistically related tribes is provided. Each section
                  contains lavishly presented color photographs of all the major object types, documentary
                  black-and-white illustrations, and its own bibliography.

                  A detailed reference section with information on key collections open to the public and a
                  glossary completes this invaluable publication, the only one to present the entire range of
                  black African art in accessible form. 865 illustrations and photographs, 195 in color.
                  (www.amazon.com)

                                                           "A HISTORY OF ART IN AFRICA"
                                                 by Monica Blackmun Vicona, Robin Poynor, Herbert M.Cole,
                                                 Michael D. Harris, Rowland Abiodun, Suzanne Preston Blier

                  This innovative and comprehensive book approaches African Art from a historical perspective
                  rather than an anthropological perspective. A History of Art in Africa shows how African Art
                  has developed from beliefs, traditions, cultural and historical influences. It challenges current
                  perceptions of African Art and presents it as intellectual and intentional in it's own right,
                  rather than as intuitive or “primal” impulses, as it has been previously perceived. The book
                  also covers the entire continent of Africa, including Egypt, and incorporates the creative
                  influences of Islamic and Christian religious artistic traditions as well. A discussion of
                  contemporary Africa Art includes the works of the Diaspora. Five part organization of the
                  book's content allows the user to select which geographical area of the continent to explore
                  first. Useful to anyone interested in African Art or art history. (www.amazon.com)

                                                          "AFRICAN MASKS"
                                                            by Iris Hahner, Maria Kecskesi, Lazlo Vajda

                  The book includes one hundred color plates accompanied by in-depth descriptions, as well
                  as numerous black-and-white photographs of the masks as they are used in religious and
                  secular ceremonies. An introductory text by renowned scholars describes how the masks are
                  constructed, examines their significance in African culture, and offers insight into the
                  universal practice of masquerading. A unique contribution to the literature on African art, this
                  book is also a wonderful introduction to countless fascinating, age-old spiritual traditions still
                  practiced today. (www.amazon.com)

                                                 "PENDE: VISIONS OF AFRICA"
                                                              by Z.S. Strother

                  Although many societies in the Congo were once renowned for their vibrant carved masks
                  and architectural sculptures, these phenomena have only been studied as living traditions
                  among a handful of peoples, most notably the Pende. Lavish illustrations evoke the full range
                  of Pende expression and offers a unique window into both masquerade and architecture in
                  Central Africa. Part of the Visions of Africa series. (www.amazon.com)

                                                   "LUBA: VISIONS OF AFRICA"
                                                                 by Mary Roberts & Allen F. Roberts

                  This lavishly illustrated book features outstanding works of Luba art from the Democratic
                  Republic of Congo. Major themes include the role of visual and performance arts in Luba
                  traditional politics, the symbolism of the female image, and how Luba history is passed on
                  through art. Part of the Visions in Africa series. (www.amazon.com)

                                                      "AFRICAN SCULPTURE"
                                                                           by Warren Robbins

                  A comprehensive introduction to the vast range of tribal sculpture from Africa is presented
                  in this photographic survey. Ashanti fertility dolls, Bambara dance headpieces, Bachokwe
                  staff heads, and Bakuba boxes are included in 347 works from Senegal to the Congo regions,
                  Mali to Sierra Leone. This book provides a tremendous opportunity for Africans and non-
                  Africans alike to view the diversity, expressive quality, and sheer evocative power of African
                  art, and to gain a better understanding of one of the great heritages of mankind. Warren
                  Robbins presents the pieces from the perspective of two civilizations -- Africa and the West.
                  Believing that the works are classical rather than primitive art, his sensitive analysis of the
                  stylistic refinements of the various tribes past and present emphasizes the importance of
                  preserving this art for posterity. The text and captions are presented in both English and
                  French. (www.amazon.com)

                                      "SELECTED WORKS FROM THE COLLECTION 
                                    OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART"
                                                               by National Museum of African Art

                  The National Museum of African Art began as a private educational institution in 1964 and 
                  became part of the Smithsonian Institution in 1979. This volume includes highlights from the
                  museum's holdings of traditional African art from throughout the continent, although the
                  majority of works originated in sub-Saharan Africa. The 150 objects presented include sculpted
                  masks and figures, regalia, items of personal adornment, textiles, furniture, and household
                  objects. Each entry provides a discussion about the object's meaning and use and includes
                  provenance and publication history. Fully illustrated in color, the handbook also includes maps,
                  an extensive bibliography, and an introduction by Roy Sieber, America's foremost authority on 
                  traditional African art. (www.amazon.com)

                                          "A SHORT HISTORY OF AFRICAN ART"
                                                                             by Werner Gillon

                  An history of the visual arts of Africa - sculpture, painting and architecture; textiles,
                 pottery and other household objects; jewellery, ceremonial and religious dress and body art.
                 The author examines the major influences on African culture and art over the centuries: the
                 civilizations of Egypt and the Mediterranean coast, the spread of Islam, the Bantu migrations,
                 the evolution of the tribal system, the arrival of the Europeans and Christianity and the
                 development of trade within Africa and beyond. He then examines the earliest known art forms,
                 the preshitoric rock art found in a number of regions and the artefacts of the ancient Nubian,
                 Aksumite and Nok cultures, and goes on to consider the development of the visual arts in a
                 number of individual regions ranging from the Sahara to the Cape, from Ethiopia and the
                 Swahili coast in the east to the Niger Delta and Benin in the west. (www.amazon.com)

                            "AFRICAN MASTERPIECE FROM THE MUSEE DE L'HOMME"
                                                            by Susan Millan Vogel & Francie N'Diaye

                  African Masterpieces from the Musée de l’Homme presents a selection of masterpieces from
                  the vast ethnographic collection of France’s preeminent ethnographic museum. After 
                  considerations of scholarship and connoisseurship, the final choices were based on subjective
                  response to a work—its particular beauty and eloquence, its indefinable emotional power, or
                  perhaps its fame—not on an attempt to represent a broad geographic range since inevitably
                  the strengths in the collection were weighted in favor of former French territories and colonies.
                  In their search through the museum’s files, the authors encountered a subversive love of 
                  beautiful objects, a search for aesthetically pleasing works by members of anthropological 
                  expeditions. The works fall into three groups—those earliest pieces collected by explorers,
                  adventurers, and military men before about 1906; those brought back by scientific
                  expeditions; and those composed of gifts to the museum from art collectors.
                  (www.africanart.org)

                                                "AFRICAN ART: IN AMERICAN COLLECTIONS"
                                                     by Warren M. Robbins & Nancy Ingram Nooter

                  African art -- with its powerful forms, complex symbolism, and formal inventiveness -- has
                  only recently come to be recognized as one of the great artistic traditions of mankind. This
                  rich tradition is showcased here in a remarkable selection of outstanding works. Nearly 1,600
                  objects are illustrated, each accompanied by scholarly information on style, usage, meaning,
                  and cultural origin. Featured individually by section are the styles of Western Sudan, the West
                  African Coastal Region, West Central Africa, Central Africa, and Eastern and Southern Africa.
                  A thought-provoking introduction helps readers understand the significance of African art as
                  a form of human creative expression, its relationships to contemporary Western art, and the
                  controversies surrounding it in the world's museums. Newcomers to the field as well as 
                  professionals will find many questions answered in the text and captions. This comprehensive
                  survey of some 230 styles of African art is an essential reference for scholars, teachers, 
                  students, curators, collectors, and dealers. (www.amazon.com)

                                                             AFRICAN TRIBAL ART: www.zyama.com   
                                A collection of African tribal art featuring over 1,200 artifacts from 100  ethnic 
                                groups. Items on display include wooden and bronze statues, masks, religious, 
                                ritual and domestic objects, furniture and weapons. Learn about art, culture, 
                                and history of each ethnic group.

                                                          AUTHENTIC AFRICA: www.authenticafrica.com
                                Specializing in tribal art from Angola to Zaire, stools, masks, statues, jewelry,
                                and animal skins.

                                                           GALLERY EZAKWANTU: www.ezakwantu.com
                                Masks, weapons, pottery, sculpture, beadwork, headrests, shields, combs, dolls, 
                                spoons, art books, antiques, and African information.

                                                       TRIBAL ART MAGAZINE: www.tribalartmagazine.com
                                Quarterly journal of the art, culture, and history of traditional peoples and old 
                                world civilizations from Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas.

                                                     COLLECTING AFRICAN TRIBAL ART: www.howardnowes.com
                                An article from the Howard Nowes Ancient Art website on collecting African Tribal
                                Art. Article Preview: "There is no question that traditional African art is beautiful to
                                behold, highly prized, and valuable in today's society. But why? How? African art
                                raises so many questions because its forms and compositions are so very different
                                from those of western society; it simply takes time to get used to and understand
                                them. African art is..."

                                                             TRIBAL ART AFRICA: www.tribalartafrica.com
                                The essence of the people of Africa has been captured by their masks and statues.
                                Tribal Art Africa offers only the finest original works to museums and discriminating
                                private collectors. Explore our site to sample our collection of one-of-a-kind pieces.

                                                           TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ART: www.africaclub.com
                                Exhibit and sales of tribal arts and crafts mainly from sub-Sahara western Africa.

                               ANTIQUE AFRICAN ART ALAIN NAOUM CONSULTANT: www.users.skynet.be/african 
                                A website consecrated to ancient African art that can help you in buying or selling old
                                African art objects, we are specialize in objects from central Africa ,classical objects
                                from the Congo kingdom. Antique African Art Alain Naoum Consultant can help you to
                                complete your collection or to start a good level collection.

                                                           AFRICAN TRIBAL ART: www.african-tribal-art.net
                                The importance of African Masks. Website Preview: "African Tribal Art has a significant
                                and mystical history. A very important part of the history includes the traditional African
                                masks. The African masks...

                                     CULTURE KIOSQUE - ART & ARCHEOLOGY EXHIBITIONS: www.culturekiosque.com
                                Virtual gallery of African Art - African Masks: Magical Faces of Africa. Since 1996,  
                                Culturekiosque's editorial mission has been to bring you unique coverage of the arts and
                                culture worldwide with European sophistication and flair.

                                                             RAND AFRICAN ART: www.randafricanart.com
                                Discover African Art will be dedicated to entry/medium level African art and Oceanic
                                art while RAND Tribal will carry a higher quality level of authentic Tribal art objects
                                that will not be limited to only African art.